Explain the complex relationships between insulin resistance and CKD, discuss the underlying mechanisms driving CVD development and progression, and apply a comprehensive framework for risk stratification and prevention of CVD in patients with these comorbidities.   

Identify and apply evidence-based risk assessment strategies for CVD in patients with metabolic risk factors, hypertension, diabetes, CKD, or a combination of these, using tools such as risk calculators and biomarkers to facilitate early detection and timely intervention.   

Identify guideline-based treatment options for managing CVD in patients with metabolic disease, diabetes, and kidney disease, including lifestyle modifications, emerging and existing pharmacologic interventions such as Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1), anti-hypertensive therapies, and lipid-lowering agents, and digital health technologies.   

Apply clear referral criteria to identify patients requiring specialized care, ensuring timely and appropriate referrals to endocrinologists, cardiologists, nephrologists, and other specialists.